Saturday, April 26, 2025

UMAR abdominal breathing voice

Converting laryngeal to pharyngeal speech for puberphonia 
1. Abdominal breathing by moving the hand.
2. Near the mouth place the palm and talk 
3. Bend the neck and talk.
4. Snore or cough and talk.
5. Speak in a noisy place.
6. Push the wall and talk. 
7. Lift the object and talk. 
8. Play or walk and talk.
9. Humming and talking.
10. Lowering the larynx and talk. 
11. Swallow or take food and talk.
12. Make an imobile larynx.
13. Avoid speaking from the larynx.
14. Speak from the pharynx.
And many more.

Thursday, April 24, 2025

UMAR mechanism

Uvular Speech (Alaryngeal Speech):
Mechanism:
Creates an artificial glottis using the tongue, palate with uvula, or pharyngeal wall to produce sound. Air is directed from the pharynx, and the uvula vibrates against the other structures to create phonation. 
Challenges:
It can  produce intelligible speech, particularly with puberphonia, normal  functioning larynx is available. A normal hidden low pitched voice is there which can be brought out by activation of the phonatory tract by UMAR.

Wednesday, April 23, 2025

UMAR, air flow treat puberphonia

UMAR training for puberphonia Adjusting airflow in the vocal track, can control pitch and loudness, increasing airflow can make your voice louder and higher in pitch.

Monday, April 21, 2025

UMAR- redirected phonation

Acoustic theory of voice production, also known as the source-filter theory, explains how speech sounds are created by a combination of a sound source (like the vibrating vocal folds) and a filter (the vocal tract). The source generates the initial sound, and the vocal tract modifies it through resonance, shaping the sound into recognizable speech sounds. 
1. The Source:
Vocal Fold Vibration:
The primary source of sound for voiced sounds is the vibration of the vocal folds within the larynx. 
Aspiration:
For voiceless sounds, air rushing through a narrow opening, like in fricatives, creates a source of noise. 
Other Sources:
Other sources include transient sounds created during consonant production and turbulence during the airflow through the vocal tract. 
Clearly indicate that we can produce voice by the vibration of any structure in the vocal tract. We can create more vibration in the uvular complex. This is the theory behind treatment for puberphonia by UMAR.

Uvular complex in vouce

Uvular complex in voice production.
Acoustic theory of voice production, also known as the source-filter theory, explains how speech sounds are created by a combination of a sound source (like the vibrating vocal folds) and a filter (the vocal tract). The source generates the initial sound, and the vocal tract modifies it through resonance, shaping the sound into recognizable speech sounds. 
1. The Source:
Vocal Fold Vibration:
The primary source of sound for voiced sounds is the vibration of the vocal folds within the larynx. 
Aspiration:
For voiceless sounds, air rushing through a narrow opening, like in fricatives, creates a source of noise. 
Other Sources:
Other sources include transient sounds created during consonant production and turbulence during the airflow through the vocal tract. 
Clearly indicate that we can produce voice by the vibration of any structure in the vocal tract. We can create more vibration in the uvular complex. This is the theory behind treatment for puberphonia by UMAR.

Saturday, April 19, 2025

UMAR control voice placement

Place the hand in the chest while speaking can help create a lower pitch voice by  vocal placement. 
1. Physical Feedback:
Lightly massage or tap on your chest as you speak. This provides physical feedback to help you direct your breath and vocal sound lower. 
2. Vocal Placement:
Focus on speaking from a lower part of your throat and chest, instead of from your head or nasal cavity. 
3. Breath Support:
Use your chest muscles to support your voice, but avoid tension or strain. 
4. Belly Breathing:
Engage your diaphragm by breathing deeply into your abdomen. This helps you access a deeper, more resonant voice. 
5. Chest Voice Warm-ups:
 Focusing on the vibration in your chest. 
By combining these techniques.
Control voice placement and create a lower  pitch.

Puberphonia boys have low pitch voice

All puberphonia have their own low pitch voice also. Speek as if your voice is coming out from your throat rather than coming out of the mouth. Try massaging your chest at the same time to help you direct the sound lower

UMAR, recognised in Google.

Treatment Options given in Google: 
For options are given. The second one is our research treatment. The name UMAR is given. uMAR is popular now.
1.Voice Therapy: Puberphonia is most often treated using voice therapy (vocal exercises) by speech-language pathologists or speech therapists with experience in treating voice disorders. 
2.Larynx Manipulation: Techniques like uvula manipulation and resonance (UMAR) treatment can be used to help individuals achieve a consistent, comfortable, and age-appropriate voice. 
3.Surgery: In some cases, surgery, such as Type-III Thyroplasty, may be considered to correct the voice. 
4.Counseling: Counseling can help patients identify psychological factors contributing to the disorder and provide tools to address them.

Friday, April 18, 2025

UMAR pharyngeal speech

 pharyngeal speech, the air stream needed for sound production is modified within the pharynx, often using the uvula tongue and other structures to create a glottis-like mechanism.

UMAR pharyngeal speech

 pharyngeal speech, the air stream needed for sound production is modified within the pharynx, often using the uvula, tongue and other structures to create a glottis-like mechanism.

Wednesday, April 16, 2025

UMAR lowering the larynx

Exercises to Lower the Pharynx and larynx.
1. Shaker Exercise:
This exercise involves lying on your back with your head raised off the pillow, and then gradually lifting your head higher and higher, engaging your throat muscles. 
2. Mendelsohn Maneuver:
This exercise involves swallowing and consciously holding your Adam's apple high for a few seconds, strengthening the muscles responsible for swallowing. 
3. Masako Maneuver:
This exercise involves extending your tongue out of your mouth and biting down gently, while swallowing, strengthening the posterior pharyngeal wall. 
4. Super-Supraglottic Swallow:
This exercise involves taking a deep breath, holding it, and then bearing down as you swallow. 
5. Head Turn:
Turning your head from shoulder to shoulder, as far as possible without causing pain, can help stretch and relax throat muscles. 
6. Yawn, then Swallow:
Yawning and then swallowing can help lower the larynx and open the throat. 
7. Hot Potato:
Imagine having a hot potato in your mouth and avoid touching the sides of your mouth, which can help widen the throat. 
8. Giggle Posture:
Pretending something funny is happening and feeling a giggle in your throat can help relax and lower the larynx. 
9. Flip-Top Head:
Rest your chin on the back of your hands with your elbows on a table and imagine raising your upper jaw, which can help widen the throat. 
10. Tongue Stretch:
Extend your tongue as far as possible and say your telephone number, trying to maintain clarity, which can stretch throat muscles. 
11. Hyoid shift Maneuver:
This exercise involves shifting the hyoid bone (a small bone in the neck) with a straw blowing which can help change the voice .

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

UMAR

Converting laryngeal to pharyngeal speech for puberphonia 
1. Abdominal breathing by moving the hand.
2. Near the mouth place the palm and talk 
3. Bend the neck and talk.
4. Snore or cough and talk.
5. Speak in a noisy place.
6. Push the wall and talk. 
7. Lift the object and talk. 
8. Play or walk and talk.
9. Humming and talking.
10. Lowering the larynx and talk. 
11. Swallow or take food and talk.
12. Make an imobile larynx.
13. Avoid speaking from the larynx.
14. Speak from the pharynx.
And many more.

UMAR

Converting laryngeal to pharyngeal speech for puberphonia 
1. Abdominal breathing by moving the hand.
2. Near the mouth place the palm and talk 
3. Bend the neck and talk.
4. Snore or cough and talk.
5. Speak in a noisy place.
6. Push the wall and talk. 
7. Lift the object and talk. 
8. Play or walk and talk.
9. Humming and talking.
10. Lowering the larynx and talk. 
11. Swallow or take food and talk.
12. Make an imobile larynx.
13. Avoid speaking from the larynx.
14. Speak from the pharynx.
And many more.

Sunday, April 13, 2025

UMAR a sweet spot sympathetic pharyngeal voice

Most of my puberphonia boys are thin?
Less weight because the less thoracic expansion brought about by their almost nil exercises in breath control results in decreased oxygen intake potential with its concomitant decrease in appetite and the less ability to digest - and less food.It may look funny but it is true.

Puberphonia boys are thin

Most of my puberphonia boys are thin?
Less weight because the less thoracic expansion brought about by their almost nil exercises in breath control results in decreased oxygen intake potential with its concomitant decrease in appetite and the less ability to digest - and less food.It may look funny but it is true.

Saturday, April 12, 2025

Umar for puberphonia

UMAR Impact on Formants:
Changes in the shape of the vocal tract, including alterations due to uvula movement, can affect the frequency of the formants, which are the resonant frequencies that give vowels their distinctive quality. 
UMAR Impact on Perceived Pitch:
While the fundamental frequency (the basic pitch of the voice) might not be significantly altered by uvula movement, changes in the formants can lead to a perception of a different pitch or tone.

UMAR changes the perception frequency

UMAR Impact on Formants:
Changes in the shape of the vocal tract, including alterations due to uvula movement, can affect the frequency of the formants, which are the resonant frequencies that give vowels their distinctive quality. 
UMAR Impact on Perceived Pitch:
While the fundamental frequency (the basic pitch of the voice) might not be significantly altered by uvula movement, changes in the formants can lead to a perception of a different pitch or tone.

UMAR create a change in perceived frequency.

UMAR Impact on Formants:
Changes in the shape of the vocal tract, including alterations due to uvula movement, can affect the frequency of the formants, which are the resonant frequencies that give vowels their distinctive quality. 
UMAR Impact on Perceived Pitch:
While the fundamental frequency (the basic pitch of the voice) might not be significantly altered by uvula movement, changes in the formants can lead to a perception of a different pitch or tone.

UMAR on frequency

UMAR Impact on Formants:
Changes in the shape of the vocal tract, including alterations due to uvula movement, can affect the frequency of the formants, which are the resonant frequencies that give vowels their distinctive quality. 
UMAR Impact on Perceived Pitch:
While the fundamental frequency (the basic pitch of the voice) might not be significantly altered by uvula movement, changes in the formants can lead to a perception of a different pitch or tone.

Friday, April 11, 2025

UMAR treatment for puberphonia

Persistence of child voice (feminine) in male adult is called Puberphonia. The voice is characterized by a weak quality and small dynamic range.
New technique in management.
The new technique in management.
The procedure is done as an outpatient procedure. Under surface anaesthesia (dental spray) with a curved long artery forceps uvula is cached. With a UMAR needle a silk thread is placed in the uvula.
ask him to say a few words with an open mouth vibrating the uvula , like snoring. Slowly he will get the masculine voice. It is continued with repetition.The voice should come from soft palate, not from the larynx.
5 days continuous practice 
1. Xbox technique 
2. Piano practice 
3. AI doll practice 
4. Audio visual practice with the karaoke 
5. Practice with treadmill 
6. Practice with vibration 
7. Stage practice with mic with virtual audience 
Above all, continuous training for 5 days, all will be in the hospital for 5 days with group therapy. 5th day thread from the uvula removed and mostly all get the manly voice and return home happily.

Wednesday, April 9, 2025

A message from Bangladesh

Hello from Bangladesh. I am a man of 31 years old. Since puberty, I have been struggling with high pitch and low volume voice. How can I take treatment from you?
Come to Chennai, India.
For Hindi +917416347435
Sekar. शेखर
डॉ.एम.कुमारेसन एमएस ईएनटी
शिवा ईएनटी हेड एंड नेक हॉस्पिटल
प्रथम तल, 159, लॉयड्स रोड, रोयापेट्टा, चेन्नई।
विपक्ष: एडीएमके कार्यालय
मोबाइल: +917416347435
आना।
प्यूबरफोनिया 5 दिन/- 10 हजार रु. आवास रु. 300/दिन। रविवार की छुट्टी।
बस 21 चेन्नई सेंट्रल एमजीआर रेलवे स्टेशन से अजंता स्टॉप तक
लॉयड रोड में एआईएडीएमके कार्यालय के सामने फोर्थ बिल्डिंग
कार्य के घंटे: सुबह 11:00 बजे से शाम 6:00 बजे तक
- डॉ. एम. कुमारेसन एमएस ईएनटी
English 91 9841055774
Dr.M.Kumaresan MS ENT
Siva ENT Head & Neck Hospital
First Floor, 94, Lloyd's Road, Royapettah, Chennai.
Opp: ADMK Office
Mobile: 98410 55774
No Appointment Required
Puberphonia 5 days ₹10,000/- Accommodation in the hospital Rs.300/day. Food outside the hotel.
Prof. Dr. M. Kumaresan MS(DLO), ENT Surgeon.
Website: www.sivaent.com
E-mail: kumaresan@doctor.com
Cellular / Handphone: +91 9841055774

SIVA ENT HEAD AND NECK HOSPITAL
94(New No:159), Avvai Shanmugam Salai (Lloyds' Road),
Royapettah, Chennai- 600 014, India.
Phone : (044) 28116807

SIVA ENT CLINIC
295(New No:136), Quaid-e-Milleth Salai (Triplicane High Road),
Triplicane, Chennai- 600 005, India.
Phone : (044) 28546086

UMAR for clear speech in old age

To achieve a "pharyngeal voice in puberphonia" or a voice that resonates more in the throat, you can try placing your hand on one side of your mouth and focusing on a relaxed, open throat while speaking, aiming for a sound that feels like it's coming from the back of your throat. 
How to achieve it:
 Imagine the back of your throat open and sending the sound outwards. Focus on uvula as snoring, vowel shapes to find what resonates best in the pharyngeal space. 
Diaphragmatic Breathing: Practice diaphragmatic breathing by UMAR to support the voice and prevent tension in larynx. One can sound as much as possible, but never injury to the larynx , because vocal cords never get vibration.

UMAR

To achieve a "pharyngeal voice in puberphonia" or a voice that resonates more in the throat, you can try placing your hand on one side of your mouth and focusing on a relaxed, open throat while speaking, aiming for a sound that feels like it's coming from the back of your throat. 
How to achieve it:
 Imagine the back of your throat open and sending the sound outwards. Focus on uvula as snoring, vowel shapes to find what resonates best in the pharyngeal space. 
Diaphragmatic Breathing: Practice diaphragmatic breathing by UMAR to support the voice and prevent tension in larynx. One can sound as much as possible, but never injury to the larynx , because vocal cords never get vibration.

Monday, April 7, 2025

puberphonia treatment by pharyngeal voice

Male at the age of voice break: create pharyngeal voice, utilise uvula:
Make The Voice Low Pitch: Lift the Soft Palate with uvula
        The larynx isn’t the only part of your body that shapes the sound that comes out as you speak. The mouth and nose are also involved. The velum – soft palate and uvula in the back of your mouth do quite a bit to control the tone of your voice. The velum opens and closes the air passage between your nose and throat. If the velum is wide open, your voice will travel up and out through your nose, giving you a nasal sound. It is quite helpful if one is trying to hit the high notes with sinus resonance by utilising the uvula to direct more air to the sinuses. It is good for a deep, masculine voice when the air is sent to the sinuses to vibrate.

Friday, April 4, 2025

How to diagnose and treat puberphonia

Voice measurement
      The speech sound can be recorded using an Android phone. It will give the frequency. An adult female typically falls between 165 and 255 Hz and an adult male between 85 and 180 Hz.
500 𝘏𝘻 = crying baby⁠
300 𝘏𝘻 = crying toddler⁠
250 𝘏𝘻 = pre-pubescent boy/ girl⁠
125-137 Hz = male 18 years old
107 -146 = male.
Diagnosing puberphonia only by pitch measurement. Just hear their voice and diagnose. No other tests needed.
All treatment, including surgery on the vocal cords, speech therapy, laryngeal reshaping and other voice practice will result in redirecting phonation from larynx to pharynx, ie, vocal cords to uvula.
This is my observation in treating 1550 cases of puberphonia successfully.

Thursday, April 3, 2025

puberphonia new concepts

Puberphonia.
We are able to arrive at twelve new concepts. 
They are:
1. Puberphonia is a common problem and needs immediate treatment.
2. Voice pitch assessment is mostly the only test required.
3. Redirected phonation treats puberphonia.
4. Get an ancestral voice after treatment.
5. Boys with a high-pitched voice have an increased chance of homosexual activity.
6. The uvula is an accessory speech organ.
7. Above all, the recovered boys are very grateful to the doctor.
8. Diphthongia and diplophonia are two sounds of different pitches. We found that one voice is a pharyngeal voice and another is a laryngeal voice.
9. In voiced sound, the vocal cords produce sounds; instead, in voiceless sound, the uvula modulates the airflow. On this view, it is better to avoid any sort of therapy for the vocal cord.
11. Puberphonia boys can produce a low pitched voice on coughing, snoring and even shouting.
12.In general,  suicide statistics reveals, common in 20 to 30 age groups in male. The common etio pathogenesis is puberphonia.

Wednesday, April 2, 2025

Redirect phonation


Puberphonia myths and misconceptions
       There are a number of proposed causes for the development of Puberphonia, enumerated as the aetiology of  puberphonia, can be both organic (biological) and psychogenic (psychological) in nature.
1.It is not a rare problem. It is poorly diagnosed and treated.  Puperphonia is not a rare disorder. We have treated 1,000 puberphonia males in our small centre. The gravity and size of the problem are too great to be recognized, underestimated, or ignored. And we had a high patient volume, with an average of 3 to 5 puberphonia cases for treatment per week. We did a sample study in five different high schools during a health camp. On average, two puberphonias were recognised per school of 1000 boys. The number of puberphonia should be higher. We are not able to reveal the voice change to the boys or their parents because of various social factors.  Why is the treatment of puberphonia not taken seriously? The gravity of the problem and its magnitude are so great that they go unnoticed, underestimated, and ignored. It is misunderstood that the puberphonia problem is in the vocal cords or voice box. Even though everyone knows the structure and function of the vocal cord and larynx normal in puberphonia they continue to correct the vocal cord and larynx. They fail to get the required result. Furthermore, humans are content with what they have.
2.Hormonal, similarly, at puberty, men's bodies produce an excess of testosterone, which causes changes in several parts of the body, including the voice. For starters, a guy’s, also known as the voice box, grows bigger. The examination of these patients should include a complete physical examination, including a genital examination as well. Secondary sexual characteristics should be assessed; hypogonadism should be ruled out. A genetic origin, and family history of Puberphonia are proposed. We tested the testosterone level in 100 cases of Puberphonia as a sample study. Their levels ranged between 310 and 675 ng/dL.
3.It is not psychological in nature. As they are left out of society, they are considered indifferent.
4.It is not due to habitual use. They may try everything to break the voice. It has been concluded that it is not curable.
5.Puberphonia boys are not smart or intelligent. They will have a normal life if they are not disturbed by society.
6.It is not due to anatomical reasons in the vocal tract. They have normal voices while coughing and yawning.
7.It is not neurological in nature. After puberphonia treatment, they lead a normal life.
8.Puberphonia is not the result of poor parenting. Puberphonia is not a disease, it is a life experience.
9.It is easily curable by uvula manipulation and sinus resonance.
10.Our study concludes that our treatment for puberphonia, an outpatient treatment involving uvula manipulation and breath of fire therapy, not only improves the voice, but also the personality of puberphonia clients.

Myths of puberphonia


Puberphonia myths and misconceptions
       There are a number of proposed causes for the development of Puberphonia, enumerated as the aetiology of  puberphonia, can be both organic (biological) and psychogenic (psychological) in nature.
1.It is not a rare problem. It is poorly diagnosed and treated.  Puperphonia is not a rare disorder. We have treated 1,000 puberphonia males in our small centre. The gravity and size of the problem are too great to be recognized, underestimated, or ignored. And we had a high patient volume, with an average of 3 to 5 puberphonia cases for treatment per week. We did a sample study in five different high schools during a health camp. On average, two puberphonias were recognised per school of 1000 boys. The number of puberphonia should be higher. We are not able to reveal the voice change to the boys or their parents because of various social factors.  Why is the treatment of puberphonia not taken seriously? The gravity of the problem and its magnitude are so great that they go unnoticed, underestimated, and ignored. It is misunderstood that the puberphonia problem is in the vocal cords or voice box. Even though everyone knows the structure and function of the vocal cord and larynx normal in puberphonia they continue to correct the vocal cord and larynx. They fail to get the required result. Furthermore, humans are content with what they have.
2.Hormonal, similarly, at puberty, men's bodies produce an excess of testosterone, which causes changes in several parts of the body, including the voice. For starters, a guy’s, also known as the voice box, grows bigger. The examination of these patients should include a complete physical examination, including a genital examination as well. Secondary sexual characteristics should be assessed; hypogonadism should be ruled out. A genetic origin, and family history of Puberphonia are proposed. We tested the testosterone level in 100 cases of Puberphonia as a sample study. Their levels ranged between 310 and 675 ng/dL.
3.It is not psychological in nature. As they are left out of society, they are considered indifferent.
4.It is not due to habitual use. They may try everything to break the voice. It has been concluded that it is not curable.
5.Puberphonia boys are not smart or intelligent. They will have a normal life if they are not disturbed by society.
6.It is not due to anatomical reasons in the vocal tract. They have normal voices while coughing and yawning.
7.It is not neurological in nature. After puberphonia treatment, they lead a normal life.
8.Puberphonia is not the result of poor parenting. Puberphonia is not a disease, it is a life experience.
9.It is easily curable by uvula manipulation and sinus resonance.
10.Our study concludes that our treatment for puberphonia, an outpatient treatment involving uvula manipulation and breath of fire therapy, not only improves the voice, but also the personality of puberphonia clients.

Tuesday, April 1, 2025

Kumaresan voice ind x

Kumaresan pitch index
1. Inaudible Sound: The simplest noise reduction works primarily by lowering efforts to talk.
2. Vocal fatigue, loss of intonation or expression,
3. Child voice: when they talk about their feelings or appropriately express them.
4. Ladies Voice: Warm and welcoming, a captivating voice entices. It sounds more like it is coming 
out of the heart than the brain. It has pleasant, non-nasal tones.
5. Double Voice: The lower range of your voice is known as the chest voice, while the upper range is 
known as the head voice. Lack of practice in mixing one's middle voice or register is a common 
source of the discordant sensation that many people report experiencing while speaking. When 
singing, the mix acts as a transition between the lower and higher registers.
6. Nasal voice is inappropriate because it increases airflow through the nose during speech.
7. Not stronger voice, manly, voice having no preference, or being uninterested, since one doesn't want 
to indicate having any strong feelings
8. High Pitch: Most people think that women who speak with somewhat high-pitched voices are 
prettier, younger, and more feminine.
9. Hoarseness is characterized by a shift in vocal quality or pitch, often resulting in a raspy or husky 
tone.
10. Breathy voice: A breathy, airy singing voice means too much air with the sound of voice escaping 
through the mouth. This causes a soft, breathy tone that's hard to hear.
Kumaresan pitch index before and after treatment: assessing the voice as per the patient's statement. All 
have 10 qualities of voice. According to the first symptom enumerated by Puberphonia,
1. Inaudible: 27%
2. Vocal fatigue: 22%
3. Child voice: 11%
4. Female voice: 10%
5. Double voice: 9%
6. Nasal voice: 7%
7. Not a strong manly voice: 7%
8. High-pitched voice: 5%
9. Hoarseness: 1%
10. Breathy voice: 1%

Puberphonia pitch index

Kumaresan pitch index
1. Inaudible Sound: The simplest noise reduction works primarily by lowering efforts to talk.
2. Vocal fatigue, loss of intonation or expression,
3. Child voice: when they talk about their feelings or appropriately express them.
4. Ladies Voice: Warm and welcoming, a captivating voice entices. It sounds more like it is coming 
out of the heart than the brain. It has pleasant, non-nasal tones.
5. Double Voice: The lower range of your voice is known as the chest voice, while the upper range is 
known as the head voice. Lack of practice in mixing one's middle voice or register is a common 
source of the discordant sensation that many people report experiencing while speaking. When 
singing, the mix acts as a transition between the lower and higher registers.
6. Nasal voice is inappropriate because it increases airflow through the nose during speech.
7. Not stronger voice, manly, voice having no preference, or being uninterested, since one doesn't want 
to indicate having any strong feelings
8. High Pitch: Most people think that women who speak with somewhat high-pitched voices are 
prettier, younger, and more feminine.
9. Hoarseness is characterized by a shift in vocal quality or pitch, often resulting in a raspy or husky 
tone.
10. Breathy voice: A breathy, airy singing voice means too much air with the sound of voice escaping 
through the mouth. This causes a soft, breathy tone that's hard to hear.
Kumaresan pitch index before and after treatment: assessing the voice as per the patient's statement. All 
have 10 qualities of voice. According to the first symptom enumerated by Puberphonia,
1. Inaudible: 27%
2. Vocal fatigue: 22%
3. Child voice: 11%
4. Female voice: 10%
5. Double voice: 9%
6. Nasal voice: 7%
7. Not a strong manly voice: 7%
8. High-pitched voice: 5%
9. Hoarseness: 1%
10. Breathy voice: 1%