Rhotacism

Rhotacism is a form of puberphonia. Puberphonia treatis similar to rhotacism training.

Rhotacism, the difficulty producing the "r" sound, is typically treated with speech therapy, focusing on exercises to improve tongue positioning, coordination, and muscle strength. This may include awareness exercises, visual cues (mirrors, diagrams), and articulation drills, gradually increasing the complexity of the sound in words, phrases, and sentences.

Uvular speech

Uvular speech for puberphonia 

Uvular speech refers to consonant sounds produced by the back of the tongue (dorsum) against or near the uvula. Uvular sounds can be stops, fricatives, affricates, trills, or nasals. 

Role in Speech:

The uvula helps in the articulation of certain sounds, particularly guttural sounds. It works with the soft palate to seal the nasal passage and direct airflow through the mouth, which is essential for producing specific phonetic sounds.

Head move

My friend wants to have a more manly voice.His voice is almost normal. I have given him some instructions to talk from the region of the uvula. 5 days he did the exercise. He was doing all sorts of small movements to improve the voice to be more manly. He moved the head  from right and left , up and down and waited for a few minutes and talked. He felt the sound was strong  and felt blowing in the ear and he felt, he got the manly voice. If anyone gives some explanation for this menovere and changes in frequency please contact me.

Moving the head changes the voice

My friend wants to have a more manly voice.His voice is almost normal. I have given him some instructions to talk from the region of the uvula. 5 days he did the exercise. He was doing all sorts of small movements to improve the voice to be more manly. He moved the head  from right and left , up and down and waited for a few minutes and talked. He felt the sound was strong  and felt blowing in the ear and he felt, he got the manly voice. If anyone gives some explanation for this menovere and changes in frequency please contact me.

குரல் வளம் மன்றம்

பேச்சு குரல் வள 

மன்றம்

†******

என்பது குரல் மற்றும் பேச்சு தொடர்பான கோளாறுகளை ஆராய்ச்சி, சிகிச்சை மற்றும் மேம்படுத்துவதற்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு அமைப்பாகும். இது குரல்வளையின் உடற்கூறு, குரல் நாண்களின் செயல்பாடு, பேச்சு உற்பத்தி, மற்றும் பேச்சு சார்ந்த கோளாறுகள் போன்றவற்றை ஆய்வு செய்கிறது. மேலும், குரல் பயிற்சி, பேச்சு சிகிச்சை, மற்றும் குரல் கோளாறுகளுக்கான பிற சிகிச்சைகளையும் வழங்குகிறது.

மேலும் விவரங்கள்:

மனித குரல் மற்றும் பேச்சின் பண்புகள், வரம்புகள் மற்றும் மேம்பாடு ஆகியவற்றைப் படிப்பதற்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட பல தள ஆராய்ச்சி மற்றும் கற்பித்தல் அமைப்பாகும். 

குரல்வளையின் உடற்கூறு:

குரல்வளையின் குருத்தெலும்பு எலும்புக்கூடு, குரல் நாண்களை உள்ளடக்கியது. தைராய்டு, கிரிகாய்டு, மற்றும் அரிட்டினாய்டு குருத்தெலும்புகளால் ஆனது. 

குரல் நாண்கள்:

சுருதி, சத்தம், மற்றும் தொனியை சரிசெய்யும் நரம்புத்தசை அலகுகள் ஆகும். 

பேச்சு உற்பத்தி:

குரலின் இறுதி மாற்றம் வாய், மூக்கு மற்றும் தொண்டையில் நிகழ்கிறது, அங்கு நாக்கு, அண்ணம், கன்னம் மற்றும் உதடுகள் உச்சரிப்பில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளன. 

குரல் கோளாறுகள்:

குரல் கோளாறுகள் மற்றும் குரல்வளை (குரல் பெட்டி), காற்றுப்பாதைகள் மற்றும் விழுங்கும் செயல்பாட்டை பாதிக்கும் பிற நிலைமைகள் உள்ள நோயாளிகளுக்கு அதிநவீன சிகிச்சையை வழங்குகிறது. 

குரல் பயிற்சி:

உங்கள் குரலை டிப்-டாப் வடிவத்தில் வைத்திருக்க சில எளிதான சிகிச்சைகள் மற்றும் பயிற்சிகளை பரிந்துரைக்கவும் நாங்கள் உதவலாம். 

பேச்சு சிகிச்சை:

குரல் பகுப்பாய்வு:

தொடர்பு மையங்களுக்கு பயன்படும் ஒரு கருவி, இது உரையாடல்களின் விரிவான புரிதலை வழங்க மேம்பட்ட AI ஐப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது. 

குரல் வள மையத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம்:

குரல் கோளாறுகளைக் கண்டறிந்து சிகிச்சை அளிக்கிறது, குரல் பயிற்சி மற்றும் பேச்சு சிகிச்சையை வழங்குகிறது, குரல் மற்றும் பேச்சு தொடர்பான ஆராய்ச்சிகளை மேற்கொள்கிறது, குரல் தொழில்நுட்பத்தை மேம்படுத்துகிறது, பேச்சு சார்ந்த கோளாறு நிபுணர்.

Dr.M.Kumaresan MS(ENT), DLO. FICS, FIMSA, MIALP(Swiz.), FCCP(USA), FRSH(London).

காது மூக்கு தொண்டை நிபுணர்.

Phone 9841055774

- Dr. M. Kumaresan MS ENT

சங்கு மண்டபமும் எனது ஆய்வும்

Treat puberphonia by pharyngeal voice:

Pharyngeal voice, also known as "voce faringea" or the "witch's cackle," was a historical singing practice developed to extend their upper range. Puberphonia voice is considered weak, change into a more tenoral and powerful vocal quality. The concept of using the pharynx to modify resonance and extend vocal range is still relevant in modern puberphonia treatment techniques. Modern puberphonia treatment pharyngeal resonance by uvula manipulation to create a richer, more resonant tone, similar to the effects achieved by the historical pharyngeal voice.  Our concept developed from "Sangu Mandabam" .சங்கு மண்டபம் தாமர பரணி ஆறு பாளையங்கோட்டை:, அங்கு தண்ணீர் ஓட்டம் குரலாக மாறும். அதிக மழை நேரங்களில் அக்குரலைக் கேட்டு மக்கள் அதிக மழை வெள்ளம் வந்து விட்டது என்று அறிந்து கொள்வார்கள்.

Puberphonia, a pioneering research by Dr.M.Kumaeesan

PUBERPHONIA: A NOVEL APPROACH TO TREATMENT

Sudhakar Vaidya*, G. Vyas**

They referred to Dr.M.Kumaresans "puberphonia" research work as a pioneer.

Puberphonia. No reference is available except

from Dr M Kumerasan (Chennai), who has published his work

in book “A research work in Otorhinolaryngology” in 1992.

He used rush-miller (USA) laryngoscope and treated 11

patients up to publication of his research paper.(13).

It confirms that my research on boys talking in female tone started in 1992 itself, 33 years back. Now I have treated  and changed the life of 1560 cases of puberphonia. it's a world record.

Dr.M.Kumaresan 9841055774.

Puberphonia voice becomes a habit

Puberphonia, also known as functional falsetto, is not a voice disorder where a person's voice doesn't change naturally during puberty. It's characterized by a high-pitched voice, breathiness, and low intensity. Puberphonia can  present as having physiological and psychological causes:  because of the persistent of child/ female like voice they are worried. They continue the same voice intensionally or unintentionally. Intentionally means they like to sing in high pitch because of their profession. Unintentionally means , they accept what God has given and what others tell. Others like to utilise you.

Uvula a source of sound

Air forcibly moves at the uvulopharyngeal complex (both Bernoulli's and Venturi effect works), similar to lip air blowing vocal musical instruments-flute.

Uvular complex in voice production.

†*******

Acoustic theory of voice production, also known as the source-filter theory, explains how speech sounds are created by a combination of a sound source (like the vibrating vocal folds) and a filter (the vocal tract). The source generates the initial sound, and the vocal tract modifies it through resonance, shaping the sound into recognizable speech sounds. 

1. The Source:

Vocal Fold Vibration:

The primary source of sound for voiced sounds is the vibration of the vocal folds within the larynx. 

Aspiration:

For voiceless sounds, air rushing through a narrow opening, like in fricatives, creates a source of noise. 

Other Sources:

Other sources include transient sounds created during consonant production and turbulence during the airflow through the vocal tract. 

Clearly indicate that we can produce voice by the vibration of any structure in the vocal tract. We can create more vibration in the uvular complex. This is the theory behind treatment for puberphonia by UMAR.

Manly voice

Steps to Develop More manly Voice

1.Practice Yawning: Mimic the act of yawning to stretch and relax your throat muscles. This helps open your throat, allowing sound to resonate more freely.

2.Diaphragmatic Breathing: by moving the hand from abdomen to head.

3.Humming: Gently hum while focusing on feeling the vibrations by keeping water in the throat.

4.Lip Trills: blowing air through closed lips.

5.Mouth and Nasal Resonance: Use sounds like "mmm" and "ng" to direct vibrations to your mouth .

Develop Manly voice

పురుష స్వరాన్ని ఎలా పొందాలి మీ గొంతును తిప్పుతూ, మీరు పుక్కిలించేటప్పుడు చేసే అదే శబ్దం. ఒక్క స్వరం హమ్ చేయండి, పెదవులు మూసుకోండి. కంపనం మీ నోటి మధ్యలో, మీ గొంతు మరియు పెదవుల మధ్య ఉందని మీరు గమనించవచ్చు. కంపనాన్ని మీ ఉవులా (మీ గొంతు)కి తిరిగి ఇవ్వండి. ఇది బహుశా చక్కిలిగింతలు పెడుతుంది మరియు మీరు అసౌకర్యం లేకుండా నోట్‌ను ఎక్కువసేపు పట్టుకోలేరు. చింతించకండి, మీరు అలా చేయనవసరం లేదు! మీ గొంతులో మరియు మీ నోటిలో రెండింటిలోనూ కంపనంతో హమ్ చేయండి. ఇప్పుడు, మీరు శబ్దం చేస్తున్నప్పుడు నెమ్మదిగా మీ నోరు తెరవండి. గమనికను బిగ్గరగా చేయడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి మరియు మీరు స్వరంలో హెచ్చుతగ్గులను గమనించవచ్చు, ఇది సులభతరం అవుతుంది.

How to get a manly voice

Rolling your throat, the same sound you make when gargling.

Hum a single note, lips closed. you'll notice the vibration is in the middle of your mouth, between your throat and lips.

Make the vibration back to your uvula (your throat). this will probably tickle and you wont be able to hold the note for long without discomfort. don't worry, you don't have to!

Hum with both the vibration in your throat AND in your mouth.

 now, slowly open your mouth as you're making the noise.

Develop Manly voice

How to Develop a Deep & Manly Voice - 

పురుష స్వరాన్ని ఎలా పొందాలి మీ గొంతును తిప్పుతూ, మీరు పుక్కిలించేటప్పుడు చేసే అదే శబ్దం. ఒక్క స్వరం హమ్ చేయండి, పెదవులు మూసుకోండి. కంపనం మీ నోటి మధ్యలో, మీ గొంతు మరియు పెదవుల మధ్య ఉందని మీరు గమనించవచ్చు. కంపనాన్ని మీ ఉవులా (మీ గొంతు)కి తిరిగి ఇవ్వండి. ఇది బహుశా చక్కిలిగింతలు పెడుతుంది మరియు మీరు అసౌకర్యం లేకుండా నోట్‌ను ఎక్కువసేపు పట్టుకోలేరు. చింతించకండి, మీరు అలా చేయనవసరం లేదు! మీ గొంతులో మరియు మీ నోటిలో రెండింటిలోనూ కంపనంతో హమ్ చేయండి. ఇప్పుడు, మీరు శబ్దం చేస్తున్నప్పుడు నెమ్మదిగా మీ నోరు తెరవండి. గమనికను బిగ్గరగా చేయడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి మరియు మీరు స్వరంలో హెచ్చుతగ్గులను గమనించవచ్చు, ఇది సులభతరం అవుతుంది.

what to practice for getting a manly voice

How to Develop a Deep & Manly Voice - 

A more masculine-perceived sound can be achieved by modifying pitch, resonance, and/or loudness. Aim for a lower pitch, open your mouth more vertically, and get louder, but don't blow anyone overboard! The pharynx modifies pitch by vibration of the uvula and resonance with loudness. It is automatically created because uvula only directs more air to the nose to increase resonance and loudness.

Train uvula vibration

How to Develop a Deep & Manly Voice - 

A more masculine-perceived sound can be achieved by modifying pitch, resonance, and/or loudness. Aim for a lower pitch, open your mouth more vertically, and get louder, but don't blow anyone overboard! The pharynx modifies pitch by vibration of the uvula and resonance with loudness. It is automatically created because uvula only directs more air to the nose to increase resonance and loudness.

Siva clarity speech centre

speech clarity center" in Siva, often a clinic or training center, that provides services to address speech difficulties, including issues with clarity, articulation, and fluency. These centers offer assessments and therapy to improve a person's ability to speak clearly and intelligibly. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

What they do:

Speech clarity centers provide services for individuals who have trouble with:

Articulation: Correctly producing speech sounds.

Fluency: Speaking smoothly without hesitations or repetitions.

Language: Understanding and using words and sentences appropriately.

Voice: Producing clear and healthy vocal tones.

Who they serve:

These centers cater to individuals of all ages, including children, adults, and seniors.

Services offered:

Assessments: Evaluating speech and language abilities to identify areas of difficulty.

Therapy: Providing individualized treatment plans to improve speech clarity.

Counseling: Offering support and guidance to individuals and families.

Examples of issues addressed:

Stuttering: Interruptions in speech rhythm.

Speech delays: Difficulty developing speech skills at an age-appropriate rate.

Voice disorders: Problems with voice quality, pitch, or loudness.

Cognitive-communicative disorders: Difficulties with thinking, language, and communication.

Benefits of speech therapy:

Improved communication: Making it easier to be understood and express oneself.

Increased self-esteem: Enhancing confidence in social and professional settings.

Enhanced quality of life: Improving overall well-being.

Speech clarity center

Speech clarity center in college:

That sounds like a wonderful initiative! Here are some steps to consider:

1. Research and Planning: Start by researching the specific needs of students in the college you're targeting. Understand the common speech issues they face.

2. Collaboration: Partner with schools, educators, and speech therapists. Participation with actors, singers, mimicry artists and orators. Actor Dhamu will lead the show. All college students competitions and awards will be given. This will help in gaining support to increase the strength of the college .

3. Training: Provide training for teachers and staff on basic speech clarity techniques and how to identify issues.

4. Resources: Create or gather resources such as exercises, tools, and materials that can be used in the center.

5.. Awareness and Promotion: Educate students and parents about the importance of speech clarity and the services you offer.

Starting small and scaling up based on feedback can make the process more manageable. What do you think?

Speech clarity center in college

Speech clarity center in college:

That sounds like a wonderful initiative! Here are some steps to consider:

1. Research and Planning: Start by researching the specific needs of students in the college you're targeting. Understand the common speech issues they face.

2. Collaboration: Partner with schools, educators, and speech therapists. Participation with actors, singers, mimicry artists and orators. Actor Dhamu will lead the show. All college students competitions and awards will be given. This will help in gaining support to increase the strength of the college .

3. Training: Provide training for teachers and staff on basic speech clarity techniques and how to identify issues.

4. Resources: Create or gather resources such as exercises, tools, and materials that can be used in the center.

5.. Awareness and Promotion: Educate students and parents about the importance of speech clarity and the services you offer.

Starting small and scaling up based on feedback can make the process more manageable. What do you think?

Gender identity and bulling

Gender Identity: bulling 

Some studies suggest that puberphonia might be linked to concerns about gender identity, particularly in male adolescents who may experience distress or confusion regarding their gender expression.  on Relationships:

While not a definitive barrier to marriage, puberphonia can create social obstacles. Some individuals with puberphonia have reported difficulty finding dates or partners due to societal perceptions and their own insecurities. 

The unusual voice can lead to teasing and bullying from peers, impacting social interactions and self-esteem. Individuals with puberphonia may also face difficulty being heard on the phone, further isolating them. 

Teachers, principals, parents, and lunchroom helpers at school can all help to stop bullying. 

repeated unwelcomed or threatening behavior, including physical assault, threats, offensive comments, or intimidation. 

High school students can learn how to handle bullying and harassment in our anti-bullying education program: Bullying: Imbalance of Power.

The Effects of Physical Bullying

Physical bullying does not just lead to injuries. All forms of bullying affect the targeted person's emotional and mental health.

Clarity of voice

Clarity of voice while speaking,:

,,*****

Consider the following:

Focus on increasing your airflow with each breath.

Practice proper posture throughout the day.

Make sure your tongue is pressed against the floor of your mouth when speaking.

Try speaking in your nasal voice more often.

Voice and gender

Voice and gender 

It's important to remember that voice changes and gender identity are separate aspects of a person's experience. People have unique journeys, and it's essential to approach these topics with compassion and respect. If puberphonia boys have questions or need support, seeking guidance from professionals or trusted individuals can be helpful.

Voice and gender identity,:

It's important to approach each individual's experience with sensitivity and respect. Puberphonia is a condition related to voice, and it’s not directly linked to gender identity.

Voice and gender

Voice and gender identity: 

Introduction 

It's important to remember that voice changes and gender identity are separate aspects of a person's experience. People have unique journeys, and it's essential to approach these topics with compassion and respect. If puberphonia boys have questions or need support, seeking guidance from professionals or trusted individuals can be helpful.

 Voice and gender identity,:

It's important to approach each individual's experience with sensitivity and respect. Puberphonia is a condition related to voice, and it’s not directly linked to gender identity.

Behaviour change in puberphonia

Causes for puberphonia and behavioural changes.

Psychological and physiological listen never produce puberphonia. Puberphonia only produces psychological and physiological problems.

Puberphonia can create both psychological and physiological lesions.:

 Psychological causes 

Emotional stress

Psychological imbalances

Resistance to pubertal changes

Self-consciousness

Excessive admiration of another male or sibling

Excessive maternal protection Psychological ladies attitude and brain never recognise that this body is lady or male. It tries to develop some extent what they want, development  sex behaviour.

High and low pitch in Tamil

How to make a Low pitch voice in treating puberphonia:

Train with "o-o-o"(nasal voice) and "m-m-m"(throat voice) have a low pitch. Practice with uvula vibration. Treatment for puberphonia is only a redirected phonation from larynx to pharynx.

_The sound high pitch is "e-e-e" (laryngeal voice)

க,ச,ட,த,ப,ற என்ற வல்லின எழுத்துக்கள் ஆறும் மார்பினை இடமாகக் கொண்டு பிறக்கின்றன.

ங,ஞ,ண,ந,ம,ன என்ற மெல்லின எழுத்துகள் ஆறும் மூக்கினை இடமாகக் கொண்டு பிறக்கின்றன.

ய, ர, ல, வ, ழ, ள என்ற இடையின எழுத்துகள் ஆறும் கழுத்தை இடமாகக் கொண்டு பிறக்கின்றன.

puberphonia training sound

How to make a Low pitch voice in treating puberphonia:

Train with "o-o-o"(nasal voice) and "m-m-m"(throat voice) have a low pitch. Practice with uvula vibration. Treatment for puberphonia is only a redirected phonation from larynx to pharynx.

_The sound high pitch is "e-e-e" (laryngeal voice)

Stages of puberphonia

Stages of puberphonia

***********************

One simple way to remember the criteria in defining puberphonia voice disorders are the six D's: deviance, dysfunction, distress, danger, defiance and defeatist.

1. Deviance: The culture and structure of society pressure individuals to be socially deviant.

2. Dysfunction: An unhealthy identity that can lead to problems with self-esteem and acceptance, difficulty tolerating strong emotions, and erratic actions.

3. Distress: An umbrella term for a range of conditions, including, anxiety, stress, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

4. Depression is the more-severe form of depression—persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

5. Defiance: A daring or bold resistance to authority, a challenge to meet in combat or in a contest stage of acceptance with confidence, control and commitment.

6. Defeatist: Accept with no hope, this results in a coward..

UMAR our research

There is a cure for puberphonia:

The most common way puberphonia is treated is through  many methods, all are results in redirecting laryngeal voice to pharyngeal voice. This is our innovative research.

Human can talk

Redirected phonation from larynx to pharynx exercises to treat puberphonia.

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Move the hand and talk, aim to reduce strain on the vocal folds and improve vocal function by creating a controlled flow of air. These exercises can help with larynx dysfunction, hoarseness, and other voice problems. 

  Pharyngeal speech involves using the pharynx (the throat), vibration of uvula as a sound source by forcing air from the lungs up into the pharynx and then into the oral cavity and nasal cavity.The air is then modified by the tongue, lips, and other articulators to produce speech sounds. 

  Advantages are many. This is the trick knowingly or unknowingly many people follow and talk without strain for many hours.

Human have two cavities at right angles, and the tongue at the angle between the two able to affect their geometries relative to speech production.

UMAR, redirected phonation

Redirected phonation from larynx to pharynx exercises to treat puberphonia.

********

Move the hand and talk, aim to reduce strain on the vocal folds and improve vocal function by creating a controlled flow of air. These exercises can help with larynx dysfunction, hoarseness, and other voice problems. 

  Pharyngeal speech involves using the pharynx (the throat), vibration of uvula as a sound source by forcing air from the lungs up into the pharynx and then into the oral cavity and nasal cavity.The air is then modified by the tongue, lips, and other articulators to produce speech sounds. 

  Advantages are many. This is the trick knowingly or unknowingly many people follow and talk without strain for many hours.

kumaresan voice index

Kumaresan voice index before treatment: assessing the voice as per the puberphonia patient's statement.

 10 qualities of voice. According to the first symptom enumerated by Puberphonia,

1. Inaudible: 27%

2. Vocal fatigue: 22%

3. Child voice: 11%

4. Female voice: 10%

5. Double voice: 9%

6. Nasal voice: 7%

7. Not a strong manly voice: 7%

8. High-pitched voice: 5%

9. Hoarseness: 1%

10. Breathy voice: 1%

- Dr. M. Kumaresan MS ENT

kumaresan voice index in puberphonia

New concept, after treating 1560: Puberphonia, a voice disorder where males retain childhood high-pitched voice after puberty, is treated through redirect phonation. This is voice break, changing the frequency high to low frequency, larynx to pharynx. This therapy focuses on pharyngeal vocal exercises and techniques to lower the pitch and improve vocal quality. Surgical interventions may not be considered as there is no anatomical problem.

UMAR new concept

New concept, after treating 1560: Puberphonia, a voice disorder where males retain childhood high-pitched voice after puberty, is treated through redirect phonation. This is voice break, changing the frequency high to low frequency, larynx to pharynx. This therapy focuses on pharyngeal vocal exercises and techniques to lower the pitch and improve vocal quality. Surgical interventions may not be considered as there is no anatomical problem.

Redirecting phonation

Redirecting laryngeal and pharyngeal phonation involves techniques to alter the typical voice production mechanism by shifting the emphasis from the larynx to other parts of the vocal tract, such as the pharynx or oral cavity. This can be achieved through various exercises, including UMAR , utilities uvula to vibrate i and so vocal tracts to promote changes in laryngeal and pharyngeal activity. The goal is often to achieve a more forward, resonant, and easier voice production by reducing reliance on the larynx. 

Benefits:Redirecting phonation can improve voice quality, reduce vocal strain, and enhance vocal flexibility with low pitch voice especially for individuals with vocal disorders or those seeking to improve their vocal technique and in particular puberphonia.

Kumaresan voice Index

New about: Puberphonia, where a person maintains his childhood high-pitched voice after puberty. New research and treatment approaches are emerging, focusing on conservative. These include techniques like uvula manipulation and resonance (UMAR), laryngeal manipulation, and redirect laryngeal to pharyngeal phonation.

New for puberphonia

New about: Puberphonia, where a person maintains his childhood high-pitched voice after puberty. New research and treatment approaches are emerging, focusing on conservative. These include techniques like uvula manipulation and resonance (UMAR), laryngeal manipulation, and redirect laryngeal to pharyngeal phonation.

puberphonia first report

PUBERPHONIA: A NOVEL APPROACH TO TREATMENT

Sudhakar Vaidya*, G. Vyas**

The method reported by the authors was incidentally found

to be useful, while doing direct laryngoscopic examination

of a patient of puberphonia. No reference is available except

from Dr M Kumerasan (Chennai), who has published his work

in book “A research work in Otorhinolaryngology” in 1992.

He used rush-miller (USA) laryngoscope and treated 11

patients up to publication of his research paper.[13]